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There was a major reduction of about 30% in AMOC transport measured at 26°N during 2009–2010 (Bryden et al., 2014).

Here we summarize the most relevant studies for the benefit of readers. East Coast focus on different time periods or geographic locations, making direct comparisons challenging. Previous studies invoking changes to the GS or AMOC to explain SLR on the U.S.

However, observed reductions in AMOC transport at 26.5°N are primarily due to decreases in upper midocean transport and changes to GS transport at that location are statistically insignificant (Meinen et al., 2010 Smeed et al., 2014). East Coast since fluctuations in AMOC transport may affect GS transport (Ezer, 2015 Ezer & Atkinson, 2014 Ezer et al., 2013 Goddard et al., 2015 Hu & Bates, 2018 Yin et al., 2009, 2010). This mechanism has also been adopted to explain how a decline in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) may contribute to SLR on the U.S. East Coast on the inshore side of the GS (Ezer, 2015 Ezer et al., 2013 Goddard et al., 2015 Yin & Goddard, 2013). It has been suggested that this mechanism drives coastal SLR along the U.S. A reduction in GS surface-layer transport at a specific location is therefore accompanied by a reduction in the cross-stream sea level drop, with increased (decreased) sea level on the inshore (offshore) flank of the GS. Its large surface-layer transport is geostrophically balanced by a ∼1 m cross-stream change in sea level (Johns et al., 1989).

Gulf Stream (GS) is the western boundary current of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. East Coast show large interannual fluctuations in coastal sea level and the rate of SLR (Andres et al., 2013 Ezer, 2013 Goddard et al., 2015).

East Coast, especially in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB), has accelerated over the last few decades at a rate higher than the global ocean (Boon, 2012 Dangendorf et al., 2021 Davis & Vinogradova, 2017 Ezer et al., 2013 Harvey et al., 2021 Kopp, 2013 Park & Sweet, 2015 Sallenger et al., 2012 Yin, 2023).